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Table 4 Functional neuroimaging findings in panic disorder [electroencephalography]

From: The role of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of panic disorder: evidence from neuroimaging studies

   Study

Subjects

No. of subjects (female)

Mean age (SD)

Comorbid Depression

Comorbid Agora-phobia

Medication status

Findings

Eser, 2009 [27]

HC (CCK-4 injection)

77 (0)

 

None

None

None taking medication

No correlations between CCK-4 induced panic symptom severity and loudness dependency of auditory evoked potentials

Lepola, 1990 [22]

PD

31 (23)

37 (Range 16–52)

  

At some period treated with psychotropic agents, n = 32

Slow-wave activityâ–² in 13 patients.

Stein, 1989 [28]

PD

35 (24)

35 (8)

  

n = 33 free of all psychotropic drugs for a minumum of 2 weeks. n = 2 has taken a low dose of a benzodiazepine 2 days before evaluation.

n = 5 (14%) had nonspecific abnormal EEGs. None had evidence supportive of an ictal process.

  1. Abbreviations: CCK-4, cholecystokinin tetrapeptide; EEG, electroencephalography; PD, panic disorder.