Figure 1

Regions, transmitters and circuits implicated in the pathology of major depressive disorder (MDD) by human neuroimaging studies. Past studies have identified alterations in monoamine levels and receptor availability as well as alterations in glutamate and GABA. These neurotransmitter systems participate in larger circuits involved in the experience and regulation of emotion, responses to stress, and processing of rewards. Note: placement of structure labels is approximate. Amyg = amygdala; Caud = Caudate; GABA = GABAergic projections; Glu = glutamatergic projections; Hipp = hippocampus; NAcc = nucleus accumbens; Put = Putamen; SN = substantia nigra; VP = ventral pallidum; VTA = ventral tegmental area. Republished with permission from Treadway and Zald [49].