Table 1 Structural neuroimaging findings in panic disorder [computerized tomography]
Study | Subjects | No. of subjects (female) | Mean age (SD) | Clinical state | Duration of illness | Comorbid Agoraphobia | Medication status | Imaging method | Amygdala | Hippocampus | Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex | Other brain regions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wurthmann, 1998 [21] | PD | 21 (16) | 35.52 (5.95) | PAS 24.47 (8.25) | 5.24 (5.37) | Current, n = 18 | Medication naive, n = 10; BDZ, n = 4; BDZ and antidepressants, n = 2; BDZ and neuroleptics, n = 1; Beta blockers, n = 1; Antidepressants, n = 3 | CT, 5-mm sections in posterior fossa, 10-mm sections in central hemispheres | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | CT abnormalities: Frontal CSF space▲ |
HC | 21 (16) | 35.52 (6.68) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Lepola, 1990 [22] | PD | 31 (23) | 37 (Range 16–52) |  | 6.4 (Range 4–35) | With/Without - | At some period treated with psychotropic agents, n = 32 | CT, axial, 4-mm-thick sections in posterior fossa and basal forebrain, 4-/8-mm sections in cerebral hemispheres, n = 30 | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | CT abnormalities: Cerebral atrophy, n = 3; Lacunar infarcts, n = 2; Enlarged lateral ventricles, n = 1 |