Authors | Sample size and age information | Anxiety measure | Nature of anxiety effect reported |
---|---|---|---|
Ambiguous Scenarios | |||
Dodd et al., [50] | Anxious group = 57 (4.0 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening interpretations |
Healthy group = 74 (4.0 yrs) | (cohen’s d = 0.51) | ||
Schneider et al., [[51]] | SAD/SP groups = 102 (8.8 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | No group difference in selection of threat interpretations |
Healthy group = 42 (9.3 yrs) | |||
Waters et al., [52] | Anxious group = 15 (9.5 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening interpretations (η p 2 = .35) |
Healthy group = 14 (9.4 yrs) | |||
Waters et al., [25] | Anxious group = 19 (9.8 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening interpretations (η p 2 = .15) |
Healthy group = 19 (10.1 yrs) | |||
Hughes et al., [53] | Anxious group = 34 (9.9 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening interpretations (η2 = .09) |
Healthy group = 34 (10.8 yrs) | |||
Barrett et al., [54] | Anxious group = 152 (7–14 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group and clinical control group selected more threatening interpretations |
Clinical control group = 27 (10.0 yrs) | |||
Healthy group = 26 (10.2 yrs) | |||
Creswell et al., [[55]] | Anxious group = 27 (11.0 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis, | No group difference but anxiety symptoms correlated with number of threat interpretations (η2 = .09) |
Healthy group = 33 (10.8 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | ||
Bögels et al., [56] | Anxious group = 15 (12.2 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening interpretations |
Clinical control group = 15 (13.5 yrs) | |||
Healthy group = 15 (11.9 yrs) | |||
Dalgleish et al., [57] | Anxious group = 2 (14.0 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening expectations for the future, but only for other people |
Depression group = 15 (15.1 yrs) | |||
Healthy group = 43 (13.6 yrs) | |||
Dineen et al., [58] | Whole sample = 50 (8.4 yrs) | Trait Anxiety | High levels of anxiety correlated with more threatening interpretations of intentions (when asked about other people) |
Eley et al., [[59]] | Whole sample = 600 twins (8.0 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High levels of anxiety correlated with threat interpretations; no significant correlation once depressive scores regressed out |
Bell-Dolan, [[60]] | High Anxious group = 52 (4 th -5 th grade) | Anxiety Symptoms | No group difference in selection of threat interpretations |
Low Anxious group = 38 (4 th -5 th grade) | |||
Creswell et al., [61] | Whole sample = 65 (8–10 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High levels of anxiety symptoms correlated with threat interpretations at 2 out of 3 time-points of their study |
Muris et al., [62] | High Anxious group = 28 (9.6 yrs) | Social Anxiety | High anxious group selected more threatening interpretations |
Low Anxious group = 224 (10.2 yrs) | |||
Muris et al., [63] | Whole sample = 299 (9.8 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High levels of anxiety correlated with more threat interpretations |
Bögels et al., [64] | High Anxious group = 55 (9.9 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High anxious group selected more threatening interpretations |
Low Anxious group = 41 (10.0 yrs) | |||
Muris et al., [65] | Whole sample = 157 (10.1 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High levels of anxiety correlated with more threat interpretations |
Muris et al., [66] | Whole sample = 76 (10.4 yrs) | Social Anxiety, Trait | High levels of anxiety correlated with more threat interpretations |
Anxiety | |||
Morren et al., [67] | Whole sample = 122 (10.5 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High levels of anxiety symptoms correlated with more threat interpretations at 1 out of 2 time-points of their study |
Muris et al., [68] | Whole sample = 105 (10.5 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | High levels of anxiety correlated with more threat interpretations |
Vassilopoulos et al., [69] | Whole sample = 109 (11.3 yrs) | Social Anxiety | High levels of social anxiety correlated with more threat interpretations |
Higa et al., [70] | Whole sample = 175 (11.5 yrs) | Social Anxiety | High levels of social anxiety predicted more threatening interpretations (β = 0.49, cohen’s d = 1.06) |
Miers et al., [71] | High Anxious group = 37 (13.7 yrs) | Social Anxiety | High anxious group selected more negative interpretations(η p 2 = .31.) |
Low Anxious group = 36 (13.6 yrs) | |||
Salemink etal., [72] | Whole sample = 170 (14.5 yrs) | State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety | High levels of state and trait anxiety correlated with more threat interpretations |
Ambiguous Words | |||
Taghavi et al., [73] | GAD group = 17 (13.7 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group selected more threatening interpretations of homographs (cohen’s d = 0.84) |
Healthy group = 40 (13.3 yrs) | |||
Hadwin et al., [74] | Whole sample = 40 (8.5 yrs) | Trait Anxiety | High levels of trait anxiety predicted more threatening interpretations of homophones |
Eley et al., [[59]] | Whole sample = 300 twin pairs (8.0 yrs) | Anxiety Symptoms | No significant correlation between anxiety symptoms and selection of threatening interpretations of homophones once depressive symptoms were regressed out |
Face emotion recognition and ratings | |||
Simonian et al., [75] | SP group = 15 (12.2 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group made more errors recognizing happy, sad and disgust faces (cohen’s d = −1.55) |
Healthy group = 14 (11.0 yrs) | |||
McClure et al., [[76]] | Anxious group = 10 (12.9 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | No group difference in fearful ratings of negative faces |
Healthy group = 25 (13.5 yrs) | |||
Beesdo et al., [[77]] | Anxious group = 16 (12.8 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | No group difference in fearful ratings of negative faces |
Healthy group = 45 (13.9 yrs) | |||
Easter et al., [78] | Anxious group = 15 (13.1 yrs) | Clinical diagnosis | Anxious group made more errors recognizing happy, sad, angry, and fearful faces of adults, but not of children |
Healthy group = 11 (12.5 yrs) | |||
Richards et al., [45] | High Anxious group = 24 (11.9 yrs) | Trait Anxiety | High anxious group labelled positive faces significantly more often as angry |
Low Anxious group = 26 (11.0 yrs) |