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Table 2 Emotional face processing studies: between group fMRI findings (major depressive disorder (MDD) > healthy controls (HCs))

From: Facial emotion processing in major depression: a systematic review of neuroimaging findings

Brain region

BA

Sad > Baseline

Fear > Baseline

Angry > Baseline

Happy > Baseline

Disgust > Baseline

Author/year

Reference

Limbic lobe

 

Amygdala

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Amygdala

  

↑

↑

  

Peluso et al. 2009

[35]

Amygdala

  

↑a

 

↑a

 

Sheline et al. 2001

[34]

Amygdala

 

↑

  

↓

 

Suslow et al. 2010

[30]

Amygdala

 

↑

  

↓

 

Victor et al. 2010

[29]

Amygdala

  

↑

↑

  

Zhong et al. 2011

[36]

Extended amygdala

  

↑

↑

↑

 

Matthews et al. 2008

[28]

Amygdala/hippocampus

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

PHG/amygdala

 

↑b

    

Surguladze et al. 2005

[31]

Amygdala/hippocampus

  

↓

   

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

Hippocampus

 

↓

    

Lee et al. 2008

[38]

Extended limbic system

 

Insula

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Insula

13

   

↓

 

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Insula

 

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Insula

     

↑

Surguladze et al. 2010

[39]

Insula

13

 

↑

↑

  

Zhong et al. 2011

[36]

Insula

 

↓

↓

   

Townsend et al. 2010

[40]

Insula/PHG

 

↑

  

↓

 

Suslow et al. 2010

[30]

PHG

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

PHG/globus pallidus/anterior thalamus

  

↓

 

↓

 

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

Thalamus

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Striatum

 

Putamen

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Putamen

 

↑b

  

↓b

 

Surguladze et al. 2005

[31]

Putamen

 

↓

↓

   

Townsend et al. 2010

[40]

Putamen/globus pallidus

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Uncus/amygdala/caudate/putamen

    

↓

 

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

Caudate

 

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Caudate

 

↓

    

Lee et al. 2008

[38]

Caudate

 

↑

 

↑

  

Scheuerecker et al. 2010

[41]

Frontal lobe

 

Motor cortex

 

Premotor cortex

6

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Middle frontal gyrus

6

↑

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

SMA

 

↑

 

↑

  

Scheuerecker et al. 2010

[41]

Precentral gyrus

4

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Precentral gyrus

4

↑

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Precentral gyrus

4

   

↑

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Precentral gyrus

4,6

   

↓

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Precentral gyrus

 

↑

 

↑

  

Scheuerecker et al. 2010

[41]

Postcentral gyrus

1, 2, 3

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Postcentral gyrus

 

↑

 

↑

  

Frodl et al. 2009

[43]

Postcentral gyrus

2

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

DLPFC

 

DLPFC

44, 45, 9

↓

↓

 

↓

 

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

DLPFC

9

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Superior frontal gyrus

 

↑a

 

↑

  

Frodl et al. 2009

[43]

Superior frontal gyrus

8

   

↑

 

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Superior frontal gyrus

8

↓

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Superior frontal gyrus

8

 

↓

↓

  

Zhong et al. 2011

[36]

Middle frontal gyrus

 

↑a

 

↑

  

Frodl et al. 2009

[43]

Middle frontal gyrus

 

↑

  

↓

 

Suslow et al. 2010

[30]

Middle frontal gyrus

8

↓

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Middle frontal gyrus

8

↓

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

VLPFC

 

VLPFC

10, 47, 45, 46

   

↓

 

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

VLPFC

11

   

↑

 

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

VLPFC

10/47

↓

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Middle frontal gyrus

10/47

   

↑

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Middle frontal gyrus

 

↑

 

↑

  

Scheuerecker et al. 2010

[41]

Cingulum

 

Anterior cingulum

32

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Anterior cingulum

24/32

↓

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Anterior cingulum

25

 

↓

↓

  

Zhong et al. 2011

[36]

Sg anterior cingulum

25

↑

    

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Sg anterior cingulum

24/32

   

↑a

 

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Anterior cingulum

24

↓

    

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

Middle cingulum

23/24

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Middle cingulum

33/24, 32/24

↓

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Middle cingulum

 

↑a

 

↑

  

Frodl et al. 2009

[43]

Middle cingulum

23

   

↑

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Posterior cingulum

23/31, 29/31

↑

    

Fu et al. 2004

[32]

Posterior cingulum

31

↓

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Posterior cingulum

31

   

↓

 

Fu et al. 2007

[63]

Posterior cingulum

31

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Medial PFC

 

Inferior frontal gyrus

47

↑

    

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Inferior frontal gyrus

47/45

↓

    

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Inferior frontal gyrus

45

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Inferior frontal gyrus

47

 

↓

↓

  

Zhong et al. 2011

[36]

Medial PFC

10, 11, 47

 

↓

   

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

DMPFC

8

   

↑

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

VMPFC

10/32

   

↑

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Orbitofrontal cortex

 

Orbitofrontal cortex

47

    

↑

Surguladze et al. 2010

[39]

Orbitofrontal cortex

11

↓

    

Lawrence et al. 2004

[37]

Orbitofrontal cortex

11

↓

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Orbitofrontal cortex

 

↓

 

↓

  

Lee et al. 2008

[38]

Orbitofrontal cortex

 

↓

 

↓

  

Lee et al. 2008

[38]

Temporal lobe

 

Middle temporal gyrus

21

↓

    

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Middle temporal gyrus

21/22

   

↓

 

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Middle temporal gyrus

21

    

↑

Surguladze et al. 2010

[39]

Middle temporal gyrus

 

↑

  

↓

 

Suslow et al. 2010

[30]

Middle temporal gyrus/inferior temporal gyrus

 

↑

  

↓

 

Suslow et al. 2010

[30]

Middle temporal gyrus

21, 37

↓

   

Townsend et al. 2010

[40]

Inferior temporal gyrus

20

   

↓

 

Gotlib et al. 2005

[45]

Inferior temporal gyrus

37

    

↑

Surguladze et al. 2010

[39]

Inferior temporal gyrus

20

↓

   

Townsend et al. 2010

[40]

Superior temporal gyrus

42

↑

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Superior temporal gyrus

42

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Fusiform gyrus

37

↓

    

Fu et al. 2008

[33]

Fusiform gyrus

20

↑

    

Keedwell et al. 2005

[42]

Fusiform gyrus

19

↑b

  

↓b

 

Surguladze et al. 2005

[31]

Fusiform gyrus

 

↑

  

↓

 

Suslow et al. 2010

[30]

  1. The table includes whole brain and region of interest (ROI) results of the described studies in Table 1, section 'Whole Brain and ROI studies'. The table does not include results on other study aspects such as treatment response or connectivity analyses.
  2. aDue to deactivations in controls.
  3. bLinear trend for increasing intensities of sadness/happiness.
  4. BA, Brodmann's area; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; Sg, subgenual; VLPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex.